Episode 7 American College Campus Part 1

The American college and university campus is an excellent example of a type of public space/prototypical town or small city on its own, always with a pedestrian network. It is an integral element in a common experience of the modern planning professional as well as the seminal growing up experience of every post-WWII generation. We explore in this episode and next the foundations of the American higher educational system, where its designs emerged from, and the societal philosophies and trends those designs have expressed.
Notes - Episodes 5 and 6
Colleges and common space

In episodes 5 and 6, we look at the history of the American college and university campus from the commencement of British American settlement through modern times. The open and public spaces of campuses, as well as the design of buildings and overall layouts, reflect societal trends, philosophies, and prejudices as much as the changing purpose of higher education itself. We explore starting with the first colleges, their charters and founding as institutions meant to educate upper class white men through the post World War II period that has seen a democratization of higher education.  

Our moments in equity for these two episodes look at how college establishment and funding were intimately connected to the slave trade, slave labor, and the profits from the sale of slaves in the British colonies and in the pre-Civil War United States.
 
Resources

Paul Venable Turner, Campus: An American planning tradition (MIT Press 1987)
 
A History of Stanford, Stanford University (Undated) – https://www.stanford.edu/about/history/ 
 
College of William & Mary, Wikipedia (Updated Feb. 17, 2022) – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary 
Royal Charter (Feb. 8, 1693) [posted on Internet Archive Wayback Machine (Updated Mar. 26, 2012) – https://web.archive.org/web/20120529035803/http://scdb.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Charter#Transcription_of_the_Royal_Charter]
 
History, Columbia University in the City of New York (Undated) – https://www.columbia.edu/content/history 
 
Frederick Law Olmsted: College and School Campuses, National Park Service (undated) –  https://www.nps.gov/frla/learn/historyculture/college-campuses.htm 
 
Judith Schiff, Resources on Yale History: A Brief History of Yale, Yale University Library (Updated June 22, 2021) – https://guides.library.yale.edu/yalehistory 
 
Rebecca Woodham, David J. Trowbridge, and Clio Admin, Nott Memorial, Union College, Clio: Your Guide to History (August 1, 2021, accessed Mar. 15, 2022) – https://theclio.com/entry/6225 
 
Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764-1820), Dickinson College Archives & Special Collections (2005) – https://archives.dickinson.edu/people/benjamin-henry-latrobe-1764-1820 
 
Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Wikipedia (Updated Nov. 23, 2021) –  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Henry_Latrobe 
 
Lisa Chase, Imagining Utopia: Landscape Design at Smith College, 1871-1910, 65 New England Quarterly no. 4, p. 560 (Dec. 1992) – https://garden.smith.edu/sites/garden/files/imagining-utopia-lisa-chase.pdf 
 
Jim McCarthy, Spotlight on…Gallaudet University, National Association for Olmsted Parks (Mar. 14, 2022) – https://olmsted200.org/spotlight-on-gallaudet-university/ 
 
Rebecca Beatrice Brooks, History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, History of Massachusetts Blog (May 30, 2021) – https://historyofmassachusetts.org/cambridge-ma-history/ 
 
Brief History of Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge Historical Commission (undated) – https://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/cambridgehistory 
 
Harvard Square is famous for a lot of things, History, Harvard Square Business Association – https://www.harvardsquare.com/history/ 
 
John Harvard (clergyman), Wikipedia (Updated July 28, 2022) – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman) 
 
Michael Johnson, 94 University Place: Old Mill, Burlington 1830 (Undated) – https://www.uvm.edu/histpres/HPJ/burl1830/streets/university/oldmill.html 
 
Prof. Thomas Visser, Old Mill, University of Vermont (Undated; based on a professional report on the history of Old Mill prepared in 1988 by Thomas Visser and MaryJo Llewellyn of the UVM Historic Preservation Program's Architectural Conservation and Education Service.) – https://www.uvm.edu/~campus/oldmill/oldmillhistory.html 
 
Vassar College, Wikipedia (Updated July 5, 2022) – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College#History 
 
Historic Horseshoe, South Carolina, University History, University of South Carolina (Undated) – https://www.sc.edu/about/our_history/university_history/historic_horseshoe/index.php 
 
Lydia Brandt, University of Virginia, Architecture of the, Encyclopedia Virginia (Dec. 14, 2020) – https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/university-of-virginia-the-architecture-of-the/ 
 
 
Smith College, Wikipedia (Updated Aug. 4, 2022) – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College 
 
Smith History, Smith College (Undated) – https://www.smith.edu/about-smith/smith-history 
 
Moments in Equity
 
Stephen Smith and Kate Ellis, Shackled Legacy – History shows slavery helped build many U.S. colleges and universities, American Public Media Reports (Sept. 4, 2017) – https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2017/09/04/shackled-legacy 
 
Yoruhu Williams, Why Thomas Jefferson’s Anti-Slavery Passage Was Removed from the Declaration of Independence, History.com (June 29, 2020) – https://www.history.com/news/declaration-of-independence-deleted-anti-slavery-clause-jefferson 
 
Nancy Clanton, Sally Hemings: Mother of 6 of Thomas Jefferson’s children was also his property, Atlanta Journal Constitution (Feb. 27, 2019)– https://www.ajc.com/news/national/sally-hemings-mother-six-thomas-jefferson-children-was-also-his-property/oKIBF28ni64Yv4i6x2NHJM/#:~:text=Jefferson%20fathered%20all%20six%20of,Hemings%20continued%20in%20the%20interview
 
Rachel Swarns, 272 Slaves Were Sold to Save Georgetown. What Does It Owe Their Descendants?, NY Times (Apr. 16, 2016) – https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/us/georgetown-university-search-for-slave-descendants.html 
 
Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, Wikipedia (Updated Mar. 12, 2022) – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom 
Episode 7 American College Campus Part 1
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